Q&A
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Understand how pregnancy or early motherhood might affect cognition.
Last Updated: Nov 21, 2020A
Better research is needed to find out if limiting certain foods or food additives will help reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms.
Last Updated: Sep 28, 2017Abnormal sperm morphology may be a contributing factor in male infertility.
Last Updated: Jun 12, 2020Some research suggests that acetyl-L-carnitine may improve fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis.
Last Updated: Sep 23, 2020Acid reflux and GERD are closely related, but the terms aren't necessarily interchangeable.
Last Updated: Sep 16, 2021Learn what mistakes to avoid when caring for your skin with acne.
Last Updated: May 4, 2021Various procedures can improve acne scars, but no single treatment is best for everyone.
Last Updated: Nov 10, 2020Acupuncture for back pain — Can acupuncture treatments relieve back pain?
Last Updated: May 28, 2021Most cases of acute bronchitis are caused by viruses and are contagious. Learn ways to reduce your risk of catching viruses that can cause bronchitis.
Last Updated: May 16, 2019Over-the-counter drugs may provide some relief from the symptoms of acute sinusitis.
Last Updated: Jan 20, 2022Adrenal fatigue is a lay term used to describe a mild form of adrenal insufficiency caused by chronic stress.
Last Updated: Apr 16, 2022Adult bed-wetting is uncommon and requires evaluation by a doctor. Learn about possible causes.
Last Updated: Mar 9, 2021After a flood, don't eat foods or take medications that have come into contact with flood water or contaminated water.
Last Updated: Nov 11, 2020An unsteady gait is a common side effect of aging. Here's what you can do about it.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2020Concerned about changes in your skin? Here's what you need to know about aging skin.
Last Updated: Mar 20, 2021Consider these commonsense guidelines to keep you and your baby safe.
Last Updated: Feb 27, 2021Planning for air travel with an infant? Know how air travel can affect a newborn's ears and breathing, and what you can do to keep your baby comfortable.
Last Updated: Feb 25, 2022Albuterol side effects — Managing reactions to quick-relief asthma medication.
Last Updated: Oct 15, 2021Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure to unhealthy levels.
Last Updated: Jan 16, 2021Health claims about alkaline water abound, but plain water is usually best.
Last Updated: Mar 28, 2020Find out what allergy medications can help you manage allergies during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Dec 4, 2021The terms 'Alzheimer's disease' and 'dementia' are often used to mean the same thing — but here's the real difference between them.
Last Updated: Apr 14, 2022Regular exercise may help in preventing Alzheimer's disease and improving cognitive function.
Last Updated: May 12, 2021Study results have been mixed on this potential future treatment.
Last Updated: Jun 29, 2021Alzheimer's prevention: Strategies for staying physically and mentally fit may be most effective.
Last Updated: Apr 9, 2021Alzheimer's — Learn about the benefits of the Mediterranean diet.
Last Updated: Apr 1, 2021Some research indicates a link between head injuries and Alzheimer's disease. So what's your risk?
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2019Zolpidem (Ambien) for insomnia is generally safe in the short term, but some people who take it may behave dangerously, such as driving while not awake.
Last Updated: May 17, 2018Try these prevention and treatment tips for ankle swelling during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Jul 28, 2022When you walk, skip the ankle weights and simply pick up the pace.
Last Updated: Sep 17, 2020Alcohol doesn't lower the effectiveness of most antibiotics. But it's still a good idea to avoid alcohol while taking antibiotics.
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2022Learn about common types of antibiotics used during pregnancy and their safety.
Last Updated: Jul 2, 2021Antidepressant withdrawal is possible if you stop taking an antidepressant abruptly — but it's generally preventable.
Last Updated: Jan 29, 2019Combining antidepressants and alcohol can worsen depression and cause other problems.
Last Updated: Jun 9, 2017An antidepressant isn't always a direct cause of weight gain. Learn the other causes of weight gain when taking antidepressants and how to manage weight.
Last Updated: Nov 17, 2018Antidepressants: Reasons treatment stops working.
Last Updated: Jan 31, 2018Sexual side effects are common with antidepressants in both men and women, but there are options to prevent or reduce such side effects.
Last Updated: Jan 25, 2020Anxiety can cause dramatic, temporary increases in blood pressure.
Last Updated: Mar 4, 2020Aortic valve calcification — once thought a harmless condition — may be a sign of heart valve disease.
Last Updated: Feb 19, 2021Proponents tout apple cider vinegar as a weight-loss aid, but there's little proof that it works.
Last Updated: Apr 29, 2022Arcus senilis is a gray arc sometimes visible around the cornea in older adults.
Last Updated: May 20, 2021Artificial sweeteners, also called sugar substitutes, offer the sweetness of sugar without the calories.
Last Updated: Apr 7, 2021Not all eyedrops are the same. Here's what to consider when choosing artificial tears for dry eyes.
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2021An aspirin allergy or sensitivity can cause serious symptoms.
Last Updated: Mar 5, 2022A Mayo Clinic specialist explains what you need to know about taking aspirin during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Feb 6, 2021Asthma and acid reflux: A Mayo Clinic expert discusses how acid reflux can worsen asthma.
Last Updated: Mar 30, 2021Can what you eat affect your asthma? Learn how healthy eating habits may reduce asthma symptoms.
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2022Replacing carpet with hard flooring may be a good idea if you have asthma.
Last Updated: May 28, 2021Atypical cells appear abnormal, but they aren't necessarily cancerous.
Last Updated: Nov 11, 2020Children with autism spectrum disorder often have other health issues, including problems related to digestion.
Last Updated: May 21, 2019There's no evidence that restrictive diets are an effective treatment for autism spectrum disorder.
Last Updated: Nov 29, 2016Chelation therapy is not an effective autism treatment, and it may be dangerous.
Last Updated: Nov 23, 2016Surgery is rarely needed to reattach a small chunk of bone when it gets pulled away from the main part of the bone by a tendon or ligament.
Last Updated: Jun 3, 2022Axona — Can a supplement treat Alzheimer's disease?
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2019B
Find out when your baby's weight might be of concern and how to promote a healthy weight.
Last Updated: Jul 14, 2020Baby poop comes in various colors and textures. Know what to expect in your newborn's diapers.
Last Updated: Feb 8, 2022Understand the benefits of baby sign language.
Last Updated: Mar 6, 2019Follow these safety tips for using a baby sling.
Last Updated: Nov 25, 2020Understand when it's safe for a baby to wear sunscreen.
Last Updated: May 24, 2019Losing baby teeth is a major childhood milestone. Find out what to expect.
Last Updated: Nov 23, 2021Baby walkers — A Mayo Clinic specialist explains the dangers of using a baby walker.
Last Updated: Jul 23, 2019For back pain relief, an ergonomic chair is generally better than an exercise ball.
Last Updated: May 11, 2021Understand the differences between bacterial infections and viral infections.
Last Updated: Nov 14, 2020A tongue scraper may reduce bad breath temporarily, but proper dental hygiene remains essential.
Last Updated: Nov 28, 2018Barefoot running shoes are designed to protect your feet while mimicking the mechanics of barefoot running.
Last Updated: Oct 1, 2020Barrel chest isn't a disease, but it may indicate an underlying condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Last Updated: Mar 27, 2019Weight gain can occur as a side effect of some of these medications used for high blood pressure and other conditions.
Last Updated: Jun 11, 2022If you take beta blockers, you may need to adjust your target heart rate.
Last Updated: Jan 13, 2022There's no evidence that bioidentical hormones are safer than standard hormone therapy for menopause.
Last Updated: Dec 10, 2021The link isn't clearly understood, but these disorders often occur together. Get help from a mental health professional who's an expert in both disorders.
Last Updated: Apr 4, 2019Although bipolar disorder usually affects adults, bipolar disorder in children and teenagers is possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can help.
Last Updated: Jan 4, 2017Some medications used to treat bipolar disorder can increase your appetite or cause changes in metabolism leading to weight gain.
Last Updated: Jan 31, 2018Bipolar I and bipolar II are different disorders, but treatment is similar.
Last Updated: Feb 14, 2018Birth controls pills for acne may be helpful in some women. Learn more.
Last Updated: Aug 5, 2020If you took birth control pills before you knew you were pregnant, the risks of birth defects are low.
Last Updated: Aug 16, 2022Pre-ejaculation fluid can cause pregnancy — which makes withdrawal an unreliable method of birth control.
Last Updated: Oct 20, 2020Bitter orange is in some weight-loss supplements. It acts like a stimulant, which sounds promising but has risks.
Last Updated: Mar 7, 2020Although women are more likely to get bladder infections, men can get them, too. Learn about signs and symptoms and what could put you at risk.
Last Updated: Jun 3, 2022Find out more about the causes of male bladder outlet obstruction and possible next steps.
Last Updated: May 26, 2021Light vaginal bleeding after hysterectomy is common; it may occur for several days or several weeks.
Last Updated: Jul 7, 2021Vaginal bleeding after menopause isn't normal and should be evaluated by your doctor.
Last Updated: Sep 16, 2020A Mayo Clinic specialist explains what's behind this type of early pregnancy loss.
Last Updated: Sep 22, 2021Blood clots during menstruation can be normal, but passing large clots may be a sign that something's wrong.
Last Updated: May 5, 2021Consider these factors when measuring blood sugar levels with blood glucose monitors.
Last Updated: Mar 15, 2022Accurate blood pressure readings depend on the proper size blood pressure cuff.
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2021Losing weight may reduce — or eliminate — the need for blood pressure medication.
Last Updated: Nov 30, 2021Learn which blood pressure medications might increase triglyceride levels.
Last Updated: Jun 1, 2022Blood pressure that consistently measures higher outside the doctor's office is called masked hypertension.
Last Updated: Apr 22, 2021A small difference in blood pressure readings between arms usually isn't a worry. But a large difference can be a warning sign of a health problem.
Last Updated: Jan 1, 2021Like many body functions, blood pressure has a daily pattern. Find out more.
Last Updated: May 18, 2021Blood pressure generally is higher in the winter than in the summer. Discover why.
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2020Unexplained changes in blood sugar levels can be the result of illness, injury, stress and hormone changes.
Last Updated: Jun 7, 2022These medications must be taken exactly as directed to prevent blood clots.
Last Updated: Jun 8, 2022Body-weight training — Try out this alternative form of strength training.
Last Updated: Oct 10, 2020Botox injections into arthritic joints may help reduce pain and improve function. The medicine works by interfering with the transmission of pain signals.
Last Updated: Aug 7, 2019Dry skin after breast cancer radiation is fairly common. These suggestions may help.
Last Updated: Mar 20, 2021Too much caffeine may possibly increase your risk of breast discomfort.
Last Updated: Sep 16, 2021Concerned about a link between breast implants and cancer? Get the facts.
Last Updated: Aug 28, 2020Understand why babies sometimes refuse to breast-feed and what you can do about it.
Last Updated: Feb 25, 2022Breastfeeding and alcohol don't mix well. A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses how alcohol affects breast milk.
Last Updated: Feb 8, 2022Understand if breastfeeding while pregnant is safe.
Last Updated: Apr 28, 2022Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is banned from use in food in many countries, so why is it still being used in some soft drinks sold in the U.S.?
Last Updated: Apr 7, 2021Compared with a bulging disk, a herniated disk is more likely to cause pain because it protrudes farther and is more likely to compress nerve roots.
Last Updated: May 5, 2022Even a minor injury to the scalp or forehead can cause a large lump. Find out when it's time to see a doctor.
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2019Margarine usually tops butter for heart health. But not all margarines are created equal.
Last Updated: Jul 11, 2020C
Learn why doctors generally don't recommend a CA 125 test for ovarian cancer screening.
Last Updated: Aug 6, 2020Interested in using CBD? Here's what you need to know about the risks and benefits of using this drug.
Last Updated: Dec 18, 2020Find out how COVID-19 can affect dogs and cats, what you can do to protect your pet, and how to care for your pet if it becomes sick.
Last Updated: Feb 1, 2022Many treatments are being studied for COVID-19. Only one drug has been approved — an antiviral drug called remdesivir.
Last Updated: Feb 19, 2022Understand how underlying health problems, where you live and work, and racism can affect who becomes severely ill with COVID-19.
Last Updated: Apr 29, 2022Swollen lymph nodes caused by the COVID-19 vaccine can look like breast cancer on a mammogram. Find out what to do if you've got a mammogram scheduled.
Last Updated: Apr 29, 2021Find out what's known about the new COVID-19 variants, including the omicron and delta variants.
Last Updated: Jul 9, 2022Caffeine and depression are not directly linked, but there can be an indirect connection.
Last Updated: Sep 21, 2017Coffee, tea and other caffeinated drinks may worsen menopausal hot flashes and other vasomotor symptoms.
Last Updated: Feb 5, 2021For some people with diabetes, as much as one cup of coffee can cause higher or lower blood sugar levels. Learn how caffeine affects your blood sugar.
Last Updated: Apr 3, 2020Caffeine can temporarily increase blood pressure, but its long-term effects on blood pressure are unclear.
Last Updated: Jun 8, 2021Caffeinated drinks usually won't dehydrate you, but water is still your best option.
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2020Learn about the possible link between calcium supplements and heart attacks.
Last Updated: May 6, 2021Do guys need calcium supplements for bone health?
Last Updated: Sep 11, 2020In large amounts, calcium supplements may interfere with certain blood pressure medications.
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2022Timing matters when it comes to calcium supplements. Find out what factors affect when you should take calcium.
Last Updated: Sep 12, 2020Calories in sushi vary depending on what's paired with the rice. Use these tips to make smart choices when you're watching calories.
Last Updated: May 21, 2019If taken at the wrong dosages, over-the-counter pain medications can harm your stomach, kidneys, liver or heart.
Last Updated: Aug 5, 2020It may be possible to protect your baby from the pain and irritation of this skin rash that affects infants.
Last Updated: Jan 12, 2021Coenzyme Q10 might help reduce the muscle aches some people experience while taking cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins.
Last Updated: Jan 14, 2020A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses the possible benefits of music for people with Alzheimer's disease.
Last Updated: Apr 6, 2021Find out what labor techniques might help prevent severe vaginal tearing during childbirth.
Last Updated: Apr 16, 2022Find out what the research says about vitamin D and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Last Updated: Feb 10, 2021There's mixed evidence on whether vitamins can prevent heart disease. Find out more.
Last Updated: Jan 13, 2022Find out if eating whole-grain foods can lower blood pressure.
Last Updated: Jun 2, 2021Should you follow a special gallbladder removal diet to prevent problems, such as diarrhea, after gallbladder surgery?
Last Updated: May 26, 2021Candida cleanse diets allegedly remove fungus from your intestines by eliminating its food source.
Last Updated: Sep 11, 2020Pumpkins are a nutritional powerhouse, whether you choose fresh pumpkin or the canned variety.
Last Updated: Nov 10, 2020Health concerns about canola oil abound on the internet but are unfounded.
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2021Carefully planned pre-trip meals, air ventilation and distractions might help prevent car sickness in children.
Last Updated: Feb 8, 2022Wheezing isn't always due to true asthma. Sometimes it's a sign of heart failure. Know the difference.
Last Updated: Jan 20, 2022Carpal tunnel exercises may be helpful, but they aren't used alone.
Last Updated: Jun 19, 2020Laser-assisted cataract surgery is an advanced approach used to help people with astigmatism.
Last Updated: Feb 25, 2020Sometimes the capsule that holds the artificial lens becomes cloudy after cataract surgery.
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2022Getting enough grains in your diet can be challenging if you have celiac disease. Find out about go-to gluten-free grains and which ones to avoid.
Last Updated: Sep 15, 2020A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses the controversial topic of cellphones and cancer.
Last Updated: Feb 6, 2021Cellulitis — a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection — is not directly contagious.
Last Updated: Mar 27, 2020Learn to treat and prevent recurrent cellulitis.
Last Updated: Apr 10, 2021Cervical cysts usually aren't cancerous. Some types of cervical cysts are so common that they're considered a normal feature of cervical anatomy.
Last Updated: Jan 29, 2022Learn what to expect if a recent Pap test showed abnormal cells on the surface of your cervix (cervical dysplasia).
Last Updated: Jun 27, 2020If cervical length during pregnancy shortens too soon, there might be an increased risk of preterm labor.
Last Updated: May 28, 2022Learn more about this debated treatment for heart disease.
Last Updated: Nov 23, 2021Chemotherapy and sex aren't mutually exclusive, as long as you're feeling up to it.
Last Updated: Apr 7, 2021Chemotherapy side effects may include a risk of heart problems, including weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) and heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia).
Last Updated: Oct 21, 2020Understand the risks posed by chickenpox during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2020Concerned about your child's growth? Find out how you can estimate your child's adult height.
Last Updated: Mar 2, 2022A high cholesterol level is unhealthy — rarely, very low cholesterol may pose risks, too.
Last Updated: Nov 25, 2020Non-HDL cholesterol may be more important than cholesterol ratio.
Last Updated: Jan 29, 2022Home cholesterol test kits are often as accurate as the test your doctor uses, but it can depend on how precisely you follow the directions for the test.
Last Updated: May 26, 2021When it comes to sunglasses, UV protection matters. Here's why.
Last Updated: Jun 6, 2019Chronic bladder infection can be a painful, frustrating problem. Learn about causes and treatments.
Last Updated: Oct 26, 2021Diarrhea is fairly common after gallbladder removal. Find out what to expect.
Last Updated: Sep 29, 2021Despite what you might think, cigars aren't that different from cigarettes. Like cigarettes, cigars contain nicotine, tobacco and cancer-causing chemicals.
Last Updated: Dec 15, 2021The term "clinical depression" means severe, persistent depression. It's also called major depression or major depressive disorder.
Last Updated: May 13, 2017This oil has been touted by some as a cure for hypothyroidism. Truth or hype?
Last Updated: Dec 1, 2020Interest in coconut water has skyrocketed. It's promoted as 'super hydrating,' but is it really any better than plain water?
Last Updated: Aug 11, 2021Has coffee gotten a bum rap? Can it be part of a healthy diet?
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2022Plain coffee has only a few calories. But the calories jump up when you start adding extras.
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2022Some viruses are more resilient than you may think. Learn more about how they spread and how to protect yourself.
Last Updated: Nov 10, 2021Although colds and seasonal allergies share some of the same symptoms, they are very different diseases. Learn how to tell the difference.
Last Updated: Feb 17, 2022Contrary to popular belief, drinking milk doesn't increase phlegm production when you have a cold.
Last Updated: Jun 25, 2021Colloidal silver supplements are often promoted as cure-alls, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking. Side effects range from skin discoloration to organ damage.
Last Updated: Aug 25, 2020Some groups recommend people over 75 may consider stopping colon cancer screening. Not everyone agrees. Learn about your colon cancer screening options.
Last Updated: Dec 17, 2021Get the facts before trying this technique that's popular among some alternative medicine practitioners who claim it has numerous health benefits.
Last Updated: May 24, 2022Whether your child's concussion is mild or severe, it's important to allow time to recover.
Last Updated: May 20, 2021Coping with anxiety is a challenge. Eating habits may play a role.
Last Updated: May 24, 2017Pain is common after mastectomy and other breast cancer operations. Find out what causes it and learn about treatment options.
Last Updated: Aug 19, 2022The best treatment for coronary artery disease varies depending on the circumstances.
Last Updated: Jan 14, 2022This sudden, temporary squeezing of the muscles in an artery wall reduces blood flow to the heart. Know the causes and treatment.
Last Updated: Aug 26, 2022Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a virus that spreads between people. Find out how to protect yourself and those close to you.
Last Updated: Sep 27, 2022Coughing after you quit smoking might be a sign that your body is starting to heal.
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2021Coxsackievirus usually produces only mild symptoms, but in some cases, meningitis can result.
Last Updated: Aug 18, 2020Craving and chewing ice (pagophagia) is often associated with iron deficiency with or without anemia.
Last Updated: Mar 22, 2022Fatigue is a fairly common Crohn's disease symptom. Learn about causes, treatments.
Last Updated: Feb 9, 2021Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia affects your lungs' small airways and air-exchange sacs.
Last Updated: Sep 25, 2018Some research suggests that curcumin may help prevent or treat cancer.
Last Updated: Jan 21, 2022D
Degenerative changes in the spine visible on X-ray indicate osteoarthritis of the spine.
Last Updated: Feb 8, 2022Understanding the causes and types of demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis, can help guide treatment decisions and manage symptoms.
Last Updated: Jun 9, 2022Dental braces are recommended for many children — When is the best time to start?
Last Updated: Apr 7, 2017Standard dental floss is generally considered the most effective tool for cleaning between the teeth.
Last Updated: Feb 12, 2022Here are best practices for the care and cleaning of removable partial or full dentures.
Last Updated: Nov 16, 2017Depression and anxiety commonly occur together and have similar treatments: counseling (psychotherapy) or medication, such as antidepressants, or both.
Last Updated: Jun 2, 2017Do detox foot pads really draw toxins out of your body while you sleep?
Last Updated: May 24, 2022Diabetes and depression can occur together. Here's what you need to know.
Last Updated: Aug 16, 2022Learn about fasting with diabetes during Ramadan, including potential risks and how to manage your diabetes.
Last Updated: Mar 27, 2021Learn what you can do to protect your feet if you have diabetes.
Last Updated: Jun 5, 2021It's a common myth that you shouldn't eat certain foods if you have diabetes.
Last Updated: Aug 31, 2022Generally, there's no advantage to substituting honey for sugar in a diabetes eating plan.
Last Updated: Sep 15, 2021Learn what cinnamon's role may be as part of a broader diabetes treatment plan.
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2021Electric blankets are generally discouraged if you have diabetes.
Last Updated: Aug 16, 2019How to care for your liver if you have diabetes.
Last Updated: Sep 23, 2022Find out why diastasis recti occurs and what you can do about it.
Last Updated: Aug 18, 2020Diet soda may help you cut calories, but other low-calorie options abound.
Last Updated: Dec 23, 2020Digestion takes about two to five days, depending on your system.
Last Updated: Dec 31, 2019Baby teeth can become discolored for many reasons, including inadequate brushing, medications and illness.
Last Updated: Feb 25, 2022Find out what causes discolored semen.
Last Updated: Sep 29, 2020Diuretics and gout can be related because the medication may raise uric acid in your blood. It's usually possible to avoid this side effect, though.
Last Updated: Nov 3, 2020These medications are commonly used to treat high blood pressure. A side effect of some diuretics is low potassium.
Last Updated: May 27, 2022Contrary to popular belief, no specific foods are known to trigger diverticulitis attacks.
Last Updated: Nov 30, 2021Cortisol blockers claim to help with weight loss, but do they deliver? The evidence is slim at best.
Last Updated: May 5, 2020How is an infrared sauna different from a traditional sauna? Light provides the heat.
Last Updated: Jun 11, 2022You know vitamin C helps fight the common cold. But did you know that vitamin C might also help improve your mood?
Last Updated: Nov 10, 2020Despite the hype, toning shoes aren't a substitute for good old exercise.
Last Updated: Apr 17, 2019Atrial fibrillation is a common heart disorder that may sometimes be inherited. Find out more.
Last Updated: Mar 30, 2021You've probably heard the buzz about honey for allergies — but does this sweet remedy deliver?
Last Updated: Dec 16, 2020Learn how your risk of developing a common heart rhythm disorder called atrial fibrillation can increase as you become older.
Last Updated: Jan 13, 2022Have you heard about prickly pear cactus? Find out about some surprising health benefits of this versatile plant.
Last Updated: Dec 15, 2020Soy foods reduce the risk of breast cancer, but more research is needed to determine whether soy supplements are equally beneficial.
Last Updated: Apr 21, 2022Wondering whether sunscreen expires? Get the facts about how long sunscreen lasts.
Last Updated: Dec 1, 2021A Doppler ultrasound measures blood flow and pressure in blood vessels.
Last Updated: Dec 31, 2019Find out how a doula might be helpful during pregnancy, childbirth and recovery.
Last Updated: Feb 3, 2021Your hepatitis C infection has been cured, but is it safe to drink alcohol again?
Last Updated: Jan 22, 2022Dry mouth: If you have dry mouth, try these tips for relief.
Last Updated: Feb 28, 2017E
E. coli doesn't affect the way a food looks, smells or tastes. Learn ways to protect yourself.
Last Updated: Jan 29, 2020Ear stapling isn't an effective weight-loss strategy.
Last Updated: Aug 22, 2020Early HIV signs and symptoms may include fever, fatigue and swollen lymph glands. Learn more.
Last Updated: Nov 21, 2020Early miscarriage is usually caused by an abnormality with the baby — not maternal stress.
Last Updated: Jan 22, 2022Find out more about a virus spread to people by mosquitoes, its symptoms and ways to prevent being infected with it.
Last Updated: Oct 12, 2019Despite claims of benefits, eating your placenta after giving birth can be harmful to you and your baby.
Last Updated: Dec 11, 2021Ebola virus: A Mayo Clinic expert explains how the virus spreads
Last Updated: May 25, 2021Echinacea may slightly reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms, but the effect may be too minor to notice.
Last Updated: Mar 2, 2022A diluted bleach bath may help treat chronic eczema.
Last Updated: Jul 17, 2020Get the latest information about eggs, cholesterol and heart disease.
Last Updated: Jan 21, 2022This measurement, commonly taken during an echocardiogram, tells your doctor how well your heart is pumping. Know what results mean.
Last Updated: Feb 26, 2021Understand if an elective abortion can affect your fertility or future pregnancies.
Last Updated: Aug 3, 2022Find out the possible benefits of using an electric toothbrush.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2020There is no cure for this disorder of the nervous system but promising research offers hope for new ways to slow and perhaps reverse the effects of this disease.
Last Updated: Jul 14, 2022Endometriosis and ovarian cancer are linked, but the relationship isn't straight cause and effect.
Last Updated: Jan 12, 2021Lifestyle factors such as diet appear to play a role in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). See what lifestyle changes may help with symptoms.
Last Updated: Jul 2, 2022Enterovirus D68 infections are on the rise, mostly among children. Know the symptoms and what you can do.
Last Updated: Oct 22, 2020Play it smart. Ease up on exercise if you have a cold.
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2022Reduce your multiple sclerosis symptoms through exercise.
Last Updated: Jun 10, 2022Find out how much exercise you need and how to get it.
Last Updated: Sep 22, 2021Breakthrough bleeding is more common with continuous and extended-cycle birth control pills, but usually decreases with time.
Last Updated: Dec 24, 2021Eye dilation is part of a comprehensive eye exam. How often you need it depends on your age and health risks.
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2022Some supplements are marketed as 'eye vitamins' that help protect your eyes against glaucoma. Is there any truth to these claims?
Last Updated: Feb 7, 2020F
Fainting during or immediately after urination (micturition syncope) is a rare occurrence in healthy individuals.
Last Updated: Jul 16, 2022Here's what to consider after a fall during pregnancy, including when to seek medical attention.
Last Updated: Jan 21, 2022Pregnancy may be possible with one fallopian tube.
Last Updated: May 1, 2021Periodically following a fasting diet may have heart-health benefits. Find out more.
Last Updated: Dec 4, 2020Learn tips to become a more-confident public speaker
Last Updated: May 17, 2017Not all women have orgasms with vaginal penetration during sex. Most women need stimulation of the clitoris to climax.
Last Updated: Dec 10, 2021Fiber supplements are one tool for adding fiber to your diet and easing constipation. Here are some tips for using them safely.
Last Updated: Dec 22, 2020Fibrocystic breast changes are common and not linked to increased risk of breast cancer.
Last Updated: Mar 13, 2020Fibromyalgia symptoms may be reduced by acupuncture treatments.
Last Updated: May 28, 2021Fibromyalgia often co-exists with several other painful conditions, which may be related to how your body processes pain signals.
Last Updated: Sep 15, 2020Nutrition experts recommend ground flaxseed over whole flaxseed. Find out why.
Last Updated: Feb 2, 2021Find out about the safety of antiviral flu medication during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Oct 3, 2020Influenza masks and hand hygiene might help protect health care workers from flu (influenza).
Last Updated: Dec 15, 2021Will you be pregnant during flu season? A flu shot is safe — and it protects both you and your baby.
Last Updated: Sep 17, 2021The flu shot protects against influenza, which is different from the stomach flu (gastroenteritis).
Last Updated: Feb 8, 2022Know the latest recommendations for children's flu vaccines.
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2022If you're at high risk of flu complications, see your doctor when experiencing flu symptoms.
Last Updated: Sep 14, 2021If you have egg allergy, you still may be able to receive the flu vaccine.
Last Updated: Sep 17, 2021Persistently foamy urine can be a sign of protein in your urine (proteinuria) and could be an indicator of kidney disease.
Last Updated: Dec 24, 2020Might you have to swear off milkshakes for good? Follow the symptom clues to find out whether you possibly have a food allergy or a food intolerance.
Last Updated: Apr 21, 2022Prevent food poisoning with these food safety tips for handling and reheating leftover food.
Last Updated: Sep 29, 2020Foods and sleep — How to snack and what to avoid.
Last Updated: May 3, 2017Leg and foot swelling during air travel is common and usually harmless.
Last Updated: Oct 15, 2021Results from free blood pressure monitoring machines aren't always accurate.
Last Updated: Apr 28, 2022Some studies have suggested that frequent ejaculation may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. But other research hasn't supported this idea.
Last Updated: Jun 4, 2022This type of receding hairline, which primarily affects older women, is treatable. The earlier you talk with your doctor about it, the better your chance of preventing permanent baldness.
Last Updated: Sep 4, 2020Fructose is a sugar found naturally in fruits, fruit juices, some vegetables and honey. Learn which foods to avoid if you have fructose intolerance.
Last Updated: Jan 21, 2022Understand how fundal height is measured and what it means.
Last Updated: Mar 29, 2022G
Certain medications can aggravate symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Learn more.
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2022Noninsulin medications for diabetes improve blood sugar control and may also support weight loss.
Last Updated: Jun 23, 2020A gallbladder cleanse is a popular alternative remedy for gallstones. But does it work?
Last Updated: Mar 5, 2022The size of gallbladder polyps can be a useful predictor of whether they're cancerous.
Last Updated: Dec 21, 2021After gastric bypass surgery, diet and exercise are crucial for maintaining your weight loss.
Last Updated: Aug 28, 2020It's unlikely you would get genital herpes or a similar infection from a toilet seat.
Last Updated: Jul 3, 2020Ginger is being studied for possible benefit in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea.
Last Updated: Aug 11, 2020Glucosamine manufacturers claim their products slow or stop cartilage damage in osteoarthritis.
Last Updated: Feb 22, 2022Some people with diabetes use the glycemic index (GI) as a guide in selecting foods.
Last Updated: Jun 7, 2022Read more about this small, usually harmless area of inflammation that often shows up incidentally when you have a test for another reason.
Last Updated: Nov 3, 2020Grapefruit and other citrus can be a problem if you take prescription medicines.
Last Updated: Feb 22, 2022Grass-fed beef may have heart-health benefits that conventional beef doesn't. Find out more.
Last Updated: Feb 3, 2022H
Is the HCG diet a safe way to shed pounds?
Last Updated: Dec 15, 2021HER2-positive breast cancer tends to be more aggressive than other types of breast cancer. Treatments that target HER2 are very effective.
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2022Learn what types of cancer HPV can cause in men and how you can reduce your risk.
Last Updated: Sep 21, 2022Cervical cancer is most often caused by a genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2019You know the value of hand washing, but did you know hand drying matters too? Why? Wet hands more easily spread germs.
Last Updated: May 15, 2021Hand swelling during exercise is a common problem, but rarely serious enough to disrupt your routine.
Last Updated: Mar 25, 2021Drinking lighter colored drinks is not a good method of hangover prevention, but it may help a little.
Last Updated: Nov 21, 2017Headaches during pregnancy are common. Here's help easing the pain.
Last Updated: Aug 10, 2022Preventing heart disease begins with small steps. Find out more about maintaining a healthy heart.
Last Updated: Jan 9, 2019It's possible that secondhand smoke can irritate the arteries and increase the risk of a heart attack.
Last Updated: Apr 14, 2022Although heart tumors do occur, the vast majority of them are noncancerous (benign).
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2022Taking care of your teeth hasn't been proved a key to heart disease prevention.
Last Updated: Nov 10, 2020Many people with heart failure worry that sex might harm their hearts. How do you know when it's OK to be intimate? Cardiac rehab and counseling can help.
Last Updated: Aug 3, 2022A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. A heart rate above or below that may signal a problem.
Last Updated: Oct 2, 2020Acid-controlling medications may do more than prevent heartburn. They may also interfere with vitamin B-12 absorption.
Last Updated: Jun 25, 2022Heavy periods may cause iron deficiency anemia. Folic acid supplements can't treat that.
Last Updated: Sep 8, 2021Heel spurs — Bony growths not necessarily the cause of your heel pain.
Last Updated: Aug 16, 2019Know how to relieve painful, swollen veins in the anus and rectum during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Apr 29, 2022Although hepatitis C is highly contagious, the risk of sexual transmission is very low.
Last Updated: Sep 29, 2021End-stage complications of hepatitis C include liver failure and liver cancer.
Last Updated: Mar 5, 2022Herbal treatment for anxiety: A Mayo Clinic expert discusses safety and effectiveness.
Last Updated: Mar 2, 2018A hernia truss can temporarily ease discomfort, but medical care is needed for a painful hernia.
Last Updated: Apr 8, 2021Among cold remedies, decongestants cause the most concern for people who have high blood pressure.
Last Updated: May 6, 2021Treatment of high cholesterol in children is controversial, but is a growing concern.
Last Updated: Sep 24, 2020Can cinnamon lower cholesterol?
Last Updated: Dec 1, 2018High-dose flu vaccines are flu vaccines for older people.
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2021High-dose vitamin C has been touted by some as an effective alternative cancer treatment.
Last Updated: Jan 18, 2022Today's hearing aids are effective for all types of hearing loss — including high-frequency hearing loss.
Last Updated: Nov 26, 2020Too much added sugar, including high-fructose corn syrup, can affect your health.
Last Updated: Sep 12, 2020Considering a high-protein diet for weight loss? Understand the precautions first.
Last Updated: Jul 2, 2020Hip resurfacing uses a metal-on-metal prosthesis, which can cause health problems in some people.
Last Updated: Dec 4, 2019Learn how doctors determine your type of lymphoma using lab tests to examine cancer cells.
Last Updated: Oct 15, 2020A study in children with the common cold suggests that honey may help calm coughs.
Last Updated: Aug 6, 2020Hoodia manufacturers claim the supplement controls appetite, but where's the evidence to back up these claims?
Last Updated: Jan 18, 2019Hookah smoking may be more harmful than smoking cigarettes. Find out why.
Last Updated: Aug 22, 2020If you're a caregiver of a loved one with Alzheimer's disease, guilt is a common feeling. Forgive yourself to move forward with your duties and improve your emotional health.
Last Updated: Jun 9, 2020Antibody testing determines if you had COVID-19 (coronavirus) infection in the past. It differs from testing to diagnose if you currently have COVID-19.
Last Updated: Feb 1, 2022Researchers have uncovered a type of body fat, dubbed brown fat, that appears to burn regular fat.
Last Updated: Nov 5, 2020Wonder how many hours of sleep are enough? A Mayo Clinic specialist offers guidelines.
Last Updated: May 15, 2021Understand the do's and don'ts of tummy time for babies.
Last Updated: Feb 8, 2022Learn self-care tips for healing cracked heels.
Last Updated: Jan 29, 2021Learn how to treat the tiny, painful cracks that can form on the thumb tip when your skin is very dry.
Last Updated: Jan 12, 2021Knowing how much saturated fat is in the foods you eat can help you meet your health and nutrition goals.
Last Updated: Mar 6, 2021Learn what you can do at home if your ear new piercing becomes infected.
Last Updated: Jan 29, 2021Learn simple remedies to easing your baby's discomfort from the pain and irritation of this skin rash.
Last Updated: Nov 5, 2021In sexual assault survivors, the main traumatic event typically becomes encoded in memory. Less important details may not be as well retained in memory.
Last Updated: Dec 19, 2018Understand the role water plays in keeping skin healthy.
Last Updated: Nov 21, 2020According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood infections can help prevent asthma. But is that the case?
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2021Hyperbaric oxygen therapy helps with some medical conditions that affect the brain. Find out what the research says about its role in stroke treatment.
Last Updated: Oct 16, 2020Hyperinflated lungs can be associated with lung conditions, such as COPD.
Last Updated: Nov 30, 2017Hyperinsulinemia is often associated with type 2 diabetes.
Last Updated: Dec 1, 2020Understand what causes a breast milk oversupply and what you can do about it.
Last Updated: Feb 27, 2021A sudden rise in blood pressure over 180/120 mm Hg is considered a medical emergency, or crisis. It can lead to a stroke. Know the symptoms.
Last Updated: Aug 3, 2022Hypnobirthing — A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses this method of easing pain during childbirth.
Last Updated: Aug 6, 2019For women, there's sometimes a link between having an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) and infertility.
Last Updated: Jun 22, 2021There's no truth to the so-called hypothyroidism diet.
Last Updated: Jun 1, 2021Hypothyroidism symptoms can vary, but eye problems aren't usually a concern.
Last Updated: Jun 3, 2021Calcium supplements can interfere with absorption of medications used to treat hypothyroidism.
Last Updated: Oct 2, 2020Rarely, hypothyroidism can cause peripheral neuropathy, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
Last Updated: Mar 15, 2022Hypothyroidism can cause muscle and joint problems, such as joint pain and stiffness.
Last Updated: Mar 11, 2021Although iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, this deficiency is rare in the United States.
Last Updated: Jul 16, 2022I
Implantation bleeding is a common early pregnancy symptom. Understand what's involved and why it happens.
Last Updated: May 9, 2019With time and dedication, breastfeeding without pregnancy (induced lactation) might be possible.
Last Updated: Jul 7, 2021Worried about infant constipation? A Mayo Clinic specialist explains how to treat it.
Last Updated: Feb 17, 2022You can safely prepare infant formula with tap water or bottled water. Consider the pros and cons of each.
Last Updated: Feb 25, 2021Infant growth rates depend on various factors. Consider what's typical during baby's first year.
Last Updated: Aug 5, 2020Frequent waking is a common form of insomnia. Here's how to fall asleep again.
Last Updated: Aug 23, 2019Intermittent fasting isn't new, but it's gaining followers. What's the appeal?
Last Updated: May 5, 2022Using a home sperm test to check your fertility may not provide a clear answer.
Last Updated: Jul 22, 2022Depression is common in people with rheumatoid arthritis. If it isn't treated, depression may contribute to worsening of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.
Last Updated: Dec 18, 2021Is fibromyalgia hereditary? The disorder appears to run in families.
Last Updated: Oct 7, 2020Takeout containers aren't the best for storing leftovers. Wrap or repackage food to keep it fresher and safer.
Last Updated: Nov 5, 2020What the change in the research definition of Alzheimer's disease means for you.
Last Updated: Sep 19, 2020Both the top and bottom numbers in blood pressure readings are indicators of your health. But just the top number being high might be a concern.
Last Updated: Jun 9, 2022Learn more about isometric exercises that contract a particular muscle or group of muscles.
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In most people, joint hypermobility causes no problems and requires no treatment.
Last Updated: Aug 11, 2020Juicing is a hot trend, but does it deliver on claims of better health? Learn about the pros and cons of juicing.
Last Updated: Oct 9, 2021Depression and diet may be related, and junk food may increase the risk of depression.
Last Updated: Feb 10, 2018K
Many factors may influence the decision to withdraw from kidney dialysis.
Last Updated: Dec 10, 2021Kidney donation can save a life, but some live donors might be at a slightly higher risk of developing kidney failure in the future.
Last Updated: May 5, 2020You know your kids should exercise, but how much? Find out and get ideas for helping children and adolescents be more physically active.
Last Updated: May 25, 2021Does kombucha tea live up to its reputation as a health tonic?
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L-arginine is a substance that relaxes blood vessels and may help lower blood pressure. Learn how it works and who should or shouldn't take the supplement.
Last Updated: Mar 1, 2022Lack of sleep can affect your immune system. Here's what you need to know.
Last Updated: Nov 28, 2018Medication for lactation suppression generally isn't recommended.
Last Updated: Feb 3, 2021Laryngospasm is a brief spasm of the vocal cords, which temporarily interrupts breathing.
Last Updated: Dec 9, 2021Late-night snacks aren't necessarily off-limits with diabetes, but healthy choices won't leave you with high blood sugar in the morning.
Last Updated: Jun 17, 2021Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a slow developing form of autoimmune diabetes.
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2021A Mayo Clinic specialist shares prevention and treatment tips for leg cramps during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2021New, persistent leg pain or aching may indicate an underlying circulation problem.
Last Updated: Sep 21, 2022Breast tenderness is not among the published escitalopram (Lexapro) side effects, but some studies and unofficial reports have linked them.
Last Updated: Jul 30, 2019Get the scoop on liposuction alternatives that reduce body fat without surgery.
Last Updated: Jun 8, 2019Learn when this condition that causes a lacy pattern on the skin is simply a result of being chilled or something more serious.
Last Updated: Jun 8, 2022Occasionally, liver cysts can cause pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen.
Last Updated: Feb 16, 2022Chronic hepatitis C may lead to liver failure, which has only one treatment: Liver transplant. Find out more about this risk.
Last Updated: Nov 21, 2020Age-related loss of sex drive is normal, but sometimes an underlying condition is at play.
Last Updated: Apr 14, 2020Aging can play a role in the loss of taste and smell — but not always.
Last Updated: Feb 9, 2022Delivery, amnioinfusion and drinking more fluids might be recommended as treatment for low amniotic fluid.
Last Updated: Aug 11, 2020For older adults, low blood sodium (hyponatremia) can be fatal if left untreated.
Last Updated: Aug 1, 2020Find out what can affect your milk supply and how to boost it.
Last Updated: Nov 24, 2020If you have kidney disease, you may need to limit how much phosphorus you eat or drink each day. A dietitian can help you create a custom meal plan.
Last Updated: Nov 24, 2020An epidural isn't necessarily off-limits if you have a lower back tattoo.
Last Updated: Aug 18, 2020Lung nodules are common. Most aren't cancer. Find out what tests might be recommended if you have a lung nodule.
Last Updated: Jul 19, 2022Hair loss is common in lupus. Although distressing, it is usually temporary.
Last Updated: Nov 24, 2020Although uncommon, hives can occur in people with lupus. Learn about causes and treatments.
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A low-tyramine diet is important for anyone taking MAOIs.
Last Updated: Dec 18, 2018Using a gadolinium contrast agent during MRI may pose a risk for people with severe kidney failure.
Last Updated: Jun 19, 2020Enlarged red blood cells (macrocytosis) can be due to many factors.
Last Updated: May 6, 2021Find out what ingredients pharmacists combine for this treatment for mouth sores caused by chemotherapy and other cancer treatments.
Last Updated: Dec 3, 2021Learn how to make progress toward your goals of learning new skills such as a new language or a musical instrument.
Last Updated: Nov 14, 2020Male masturbation has little effect on sperm count or quality.
Last Updated: Nov 12, 2020Latest Mayo Clinic mammogram guidelines for breast cancer screening.
Last Updated: Jun 25, 2021Get tips to manage your health, stay focused, and use your time well while dealing with job pressures and demands.
Last Updated: Aug 28, 2020Some marketers claim mangosteen juice has anti-inflammatory benefits. Find out what the research says.
Last Updated: Oct 7, 2020Marijuana and depression seem to go hand in hand for some people, but there's no clear evidence that marijuana directly causes depression.
Last Updated: Dec 4, 2018Marijuana use during pregnancy can harm you and your baby. Find out how.
Last Updated: Oct 13, 2020Is it possible to get measles from someone else if you've been vaccinated?
Last Updated: Aug 18, 2020Melatonin is generally safe for short-term use but can cause side effects.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2020For many women, menopause and high blood pressure seem to go together. Discover why.
Last Updated: Jan 4, 2022Some forms of hormone therapy prescribed to ease hot flashes and other menopause symptoms may cause vaginal bleeding. Learn more.
Last Updated: Dec 2, 2020Products that promise to boost your metabolism abound, but can they help you lose weight?
Last Updated: Mar 11, 2021Combining migraine medications and antidepressants may pose several concerns.
Last Updated: Feb 27, 2021Certain antidepressants are used in migraine treatment. Learn more about these medications.
Last Updated: May 10, 2019Migraines can be associated with certain gastrointestinal problems. Learn more.
Last Updated: Nov 24, 2020Migraines — Are they triggered by weather changes?
Last Updated: May 10, 2019Antidepressants don't always ease mild depression symptoms, but you may still benefit from treatment.
Last Updated: Nov 28, 2018The term 'ministroke' typically refers to a transient ischemic attack.
Last Updated: May 26, 2021Moldy cheese may be unappetizing, but is it unsafe?
Last Updated: Sep 12, 2020Find out more about the rare monkeypox viral infection, the possible symptoms in humans, treatment options and how to prevent getting or spreading the virus.
Last Updated: Aug 19, 2022Epstein-Barr virus sometimes causes mononucleosis, but most Epstein-Barr infections are less severe.
Last Updated: Nov 17, 2020Mono can return in some rare cases. Learn more about causes and complications.
Last Updated: Dec 29, 2020Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can trigger headaches and other symptoms in some people.
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2022Visible mucus in stool can have a variety of causes — not necessarily serious.
Last Updated: Mar 5, 2022Seizures occur more often in people with multiple sclerosis than in the general population.
Last Updated: Jul 8, 2020Multivitamins: Would your youngster benefit from a supplement?
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2020Myofascial release, a form of manual therapy, may help reduce back pain.
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2019N
Common pain medications such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Last Updated: Aug 11, 2022Vertical nail ridges are common and often become more prominent with age.
Last Updated: May 28, 2022Narrow stools may be a sign of narrowing or obstruction of the colon.
Last Updated: Jul 2, 2022Nasal spray 'addiction' isn't really an addiction at all. Learn more.
Last Updated: Dec 12, 2020Natural acne treatment comes in various forms. Some may be beneficial.
Last Updated: Oct 3, 2020Breast enhancement supplements haven't been proved effective and could cause side effects.
Last Updated: Aug 6, 2022For some people, certain herbal and dietary supplements seem to help with depression, but more studies are needed on their effectiveness and side effects.
Last Updated: Sep 11, 2018Nausea during pregnancy, also called morning sickness, is common. Understand what nausea and vomiting might mean for your pregnancy.
Last Updated: Oct 26, 2021Nervous breakdown is not a medical term — but it may indicate an underlying mental health problem that needs attention, such as anxiety or depression.
Last Updated: Oct 26, 2016Nervous stomach is a vague term that doesn't indicate a specific diagnosis.
Last Updated: Aug 7, 2019A homemade neti pot solution is just as effective as the over-the-counter variety.
Last Updated: Oct 11, 2019Learn more about this container designed to rinse debris or mucus from the nasal cavity.
Last Updated: Feb 12, 2022Some Neurontin side effects can be troubling and require evaluation by your doctor.
Last Updated: Apr 1, 2021Get the facts about when to wake a sleeping baby for a feeding.
Last Updated: May 7, 2022Niacin overdose is unlikely when it's taken as prescribed for high cholesterol.
Last Updated: May 5, 2022"Alarm clock" (hypnic) headaches wake people up. But other nighttime headaches also can disrupt sleep. Relief begins with determining the cause.
Last Updated: May 10, 2019Nighttime panic attacks can cause sweating, rapid heart rate, trembling, shortness of breath, heavy breathing, flushing or chills. Learn about treatment.
Last Updated: Jan 12, 2018Non-mesh sling — A Mayo Clinic expert explains how a non-mesh sling can be used to treat female stress urinary incontinence.
Last Updated: Oct 7, 2020Learn the difference between normal stress and adjustment disorder.
Last Updated: Jan 12, 2021O
Occipital nerve stimulation is a relatively new procedure to treat chronic headache disorders.
Last Updated: Aug 2, 2019Flashes of light, zigzags and temporary blindness – what does it all mean?
Last Updated: Aug 14, 2020This essential fatty acid is found in certain foods and is recommended as part of a balance diet.
Last Updated: Dec 17, 2021Opioids aren't the first choice for a chronic condition such as arthritis. And some of their side effects may be particularly concerning for older people.
Last Updated: Sep 15, 2020Understand the benefits of organic baby food.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2020You know what M.D. means, but what does D.O. mean? What are the differences and similarities between these two types of doctors?
Last Updated: Feb 9, 2021Some osteoporosis drugs may increase risks of bone problems in the jaw and thigh.
Last Updated: Nov 3, 2020Many people can stop taking these common osteoporosis medications after 3 to 5 years.
Last Updated: Jul 10, 2021Joint replacement of the hip, knee and shoulder can be done safely as outpatient surgery. Most people can go home the same day as the procedure.
Last Updated: Jul 1, 2021Surgery to remove your ovaries dramatically reduces your risk of ovarian cancer, but it doesn't eliminate the risk entirely.
Last Updated: Mar 7, 2020Certain types of ovarian cysts can contribute to fertility problems.
Last Updated: Dec 4, 2020Trying to get pregnant? Learn about ovulation signs and symptoms.
Last Updated: Dec 7, 2021Ozone air purifiers don't reduce asthma symptoms. In fact, they can make asthma worse.
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A number of factors can cause PSA levels to rise after surgery for an enlarged prostate.
Last Updated: Mar 2, 2022Depression can cause unexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches. Chronic pain can cause problems that lead to depression, such as poor sleep.
Last Updated: Apr 3, 2019Palliative care — Mayo Clinic expert explains who may benefit from palliative care and how it differs from hospice care.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2019Various factors stack the odds against successful pancreatic cancer treatment.
Last Updated: Aug 4, 2021Doctors recommend regular cervical cancer screening whether you've had sex or not.
Last Updated: May 5, 2022If you've had surgery to remove your uterus, you might not need routine Pap smears. Find out what doctors recommend for cervical cancer screening.
Last Updated: Oct 22, 2020Unfortunately, there is no standard or routine screening test for ovarian cancer.
Last Updated: Jun 3, 2022Learn about the signs of this indirect way of expressing negative feelings.
Last Updated: Dec 15, 2021Know the signs and symptoms of a penis fracture.
Last Updated: Jul 17, 2020There are no hypoallergenic dog breeds, but you can reduce your allergic reactions.
Last Updated: Sep 16, 2021Rarely, inhaling petroleum jelly for prolonged periods can cause lung inflammation (lipoid pneumonia).
Last Updated: Sep 21, 2021Phantosmia is often due to a head injury or upper respiratory infection.
Last Updated: Jun 21, 2022Phentermine, a prescription medication, can help with weight loss when combined with diet and exercise.
Last Updated: Sep 11, 2020You may be worried about phenylalanine because of a warning on diet soda. Find out why the warning is there.
Last Updated: Dec 23, 2020Phosphatidylserine holds some promise as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's and other memory problems.
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2019Photodynamic therapy may play a limited role in lung cancer treatment.
Last Updated: Jun 29, 2021Many parents wonder how long pink eye (conjunctivitis) is contagious. Find out.
Last Updated: Jul 2, 2022Plugged ears are usually a mild, temporary problem. Learn about potential causes and treatments.
Last Updated: Jan 26, 2022This combination pill contains small doses of several commonly prescribed heart disease medications.
Last Updated: Apr 4, 2020Early research suggested that pomegranate juice could slow the growth of prostate cancer, but more-rigorous trials failed to confirm those results.
Last Updated: Jun 24, 2021Small studies suggest that pomegranate juice might help lower cholesterol. Find out more about this antioxidant-rich juice.
Last Updated: Nov 25, 2020Use these tips to help someone cope with stress from a traumatic event, whether it's acute stress disorder (ASD) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Last Updated: Jun 7, 2018Find out how pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can prevent HIV infection.
Last Updated: May 14, 2021Prednisone is a powerful medication. Find out why it's so important to taper off your dosage gradually.
Last Updated: Aug 26, 2022Learn about self-care and safe medications to treat acne during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Apr 26, 2022Understand the possible risks of hot tub use during pregnancy.
Last Updated: Nov 21, 2020Pregnancy constipation is common. Know how to safely treat it.
Last Updated: May 28, 2022Extreme moodiness, intense sadness or marked irritability in the days before your period — along with your usual PMS symptoms — could be PMDD.
Last Updated: Mar 11, 2021Prenatal vitamins — why they might not be suitable if you're not pregnant.
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2020Depending on what's causing it, hair loss in women may be prevented.
Last Updated: Nov 3, 2021Probiotics are foods or supplements that contain 'good' bacteria that might help treat or prevent illness. Should they be part of your diet?
Last Updated: Jul 2, 2022Prolotherapy may help low back pain, but proof remains elusive.
Last Updated: Sep 24, 2020Magnesium supplements are popular but not risk-free. Fortunately food sources are easy to add to your diet.
Last Updated: Aug 11, 2021Prostate cancer can spread (metastasize) just about anywhere in the body, but it's most likely to spread to the lymph nodes and bones.
Last Updated: Apr 10, 2021Find out what your PSA level may mean for your prostate cancer prognosis.
Last Updated: Aug 16, 2022Some men with prostatitis have pain with ejaculation or sexual activity.
Last Updated: Oct 27, 2021Protein shakes aren't a magic bullet for weight loss. Here's why.
Last Updated: Apr 17, 2020Pseudoaneurysm may be a complication of cardiac catheterization.
Last Updated: Dec 5, 2020Pseudoclaudication and claudication causes leg pain for different reasons. One is caused by pinched spinal nerves while the other is a circulation problem.
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2019Pubic hair removal is common, but so are related side effects.
Last Updated: Mar 19, 2021Pulse pressure may be a strong predictor of heart problems, especially for older adults.
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Gaining weight after you quit smoking is fairly common, but you can take steps to prevent it. Learn how.
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Reactive airway disease is a general term that doesn't indicate a specific diagnosis.
Last Updated: Feb 9, 2021Reactive hypoglycemia is low blood sugar that occurs shortly after eating.
Last Updated: May 26, 2021Recurrent prostate infections can be difficult to treat. Here's what to consider.
Last Updated: Sep 4, 2021For some children, tonsillectomy may reduce the frequency of recurring strep throat infections.
Last Updated: Aug 29, 2020Although a renal diet restricts protein, you still must eat some protein every day.
Last Updated: Jun 29, 2021Repeat C-sections are common — but each C-section is generally more complicated than the last.
Last Updated: Jun 3, 2022Resperate is a device that teaches slow, deep breathing — which can reduce blood pressure.
Last Updated: Feb 18, 2022Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening side effect of statins.
Last Updated: Nov 24, 2020Although rheumatoid arthritis is primarily a joint disease, it occasionally affects the eyes.
Last Updated: May 20, 2021Although rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the joints, it can also affect the lungs.
Last Updated: Nov 26, 2020Ricin is a deadly poison derived from castor bean plants — the same beans used to make castor oil.
Last Updated: May 14, 2021Light therapy may be helpful for some people with rosacea.
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Excessive salt craving may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as Addison's disease.
Last Updated: Apr 21, 2020Milnacipran (Savella) may help relieve the fatigue and pain associated with fibromyalgia.
Last Updated: Aug 18, 2020Learn how to tell apart these common conditions of the scalp, both of which cause inflamed, scaly skin.
Last Updated: Sep 24, 2022Should you take health claims about sea salt with a grain of salt? What makes it different from table salt?
Last Updated: Sep 14, 2021Second pregnancies don't always come easily. Learn about possible causes for secondary infertility and when to seek professional help.
Last Updated: Jan 30, 2020How to take care of yourself at home when you have the flu.
Last Updated: Aug 28, 2021Semen allergy, also called seminal plasma hypersensitivity, is a rare condition that can be easily misdiagnosed. Learn about symptoms and possible treatments.
Last Updated: Feb 19, 2022Know what causes sensitive teeth and effective treatments.
Last Updated: Dec 7, 2021With time and patience, you can resume sexual activity at any age.
Last Updated: Oct 4, 2019Find out whether COVID-19 can be spread during sexual activity and how to reduce your risk of getting the virus from a sexual partner.
Last Updated: Mar 30, 2022Vaginal infection makes intercourse painful and weakens your resistance to sexually transmitted infections. Consider waiting.
Last Updated: Feb 8, 2022Contrary to popular belief, shaving unwanted hair doesn't make it grow back thicker.
Last Updated: Dec 23, 2021Generally, it's best to avoid alcohol during the course of shingles treatment.
Last Updated: Jul 22, 2021A new shingles vaccine uses an inactivated varicella-zoster (chickenpox) virus so you can't infect others.
Last Updated: Jul 14, 2020People who are age 50 and older should get the shingles vaccine to prevent shingles.
Last Updated: Sep 21, 2021If you have A-fib, you may need to avoid certain foods or drinks. Know when and why you may need to change your diet.
Last Updated: Jul 1, 2022Physical activity and atrial fibrillation — Should people with atrial fibrillation participate in physical activity?
Last Updated: Nov 15, 2019A silent heart attack occurs with few, if any, symptoms. Find out more.
Last Updated: Apr 21, 2020Understand the health effects of ruptured silicone breast implants.
Last Updated: Aug 20, 2020Sometimes the cause of a toothache isn't a tooth problem, but a sinus problem.
Last Updated: Sep 17, 2021Sitting for long periods — such as in front of the TV or at a desk — appears to increase risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Last Updated: Jul 13, 2022Sjogren's syndrome isn't thought to cause UTIs, but it may cause other urinary conditions.
Last Updated: Dec 1, 2020Find out about common skin changes during pregnancy, including pigmentation changes, varicose veins, acne and stretch marks.
Last Updated: Apr 18, 2020Antihistamines are somewhat effective as sleep aids — but only for occasional insomnia.
Last Updated: Dec 9, 2021Caffeine doesn't seem to cause or aggravate obstructive sleep apnea.
Last Updated: May 25, 2021Too little sleep affects not only your energy levels but also your heart health.
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2021Is a slow metabolism the reason for your weight gain? Or is something else going on?
Last Updated: Feb 21, 2019Cancer cells are classified by how they look under a microscope. Learn common terms used to describe cancer cells.
Last Updated: Aug 26, 2022Smoking leads to premature skin aging — and more wrinkles.
Last Updated: Nov 19, 2020Sodium nitrate, a preservative in some meats, may increase your heart disease risk.
Last Updated: Apr 18, 2020Soy doesn't significantly lower cholesterol. But eating soy can still be healthy.
Last Updated: Feb 7, 2020Whether people who have hypothyroidism should avoid soy is a topic of debate.
Last Updated: Oct 5, 2021This term is sometimes used to refer to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — but how accurate is it?
Last Updated: Nov 4, 2020After ejaculation, the life span of sperm depends on the circumstances.
Last Updated: May 5, 2022Spreading bowel preparation over two days makes the process more tolerable and does a better job of cleaning the colon before a colonoscopy.
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2021Understand when to start feeding your baby solid foods.
Last Updated: Apr 20, 2019Statins can cause muscle injury in some people. But can they also trigger ALS?
Last Updated: Apr 1, 2020Sugar substitutes, such as refined stevia preparations, may help with weight management, but they aren't a magic bullet.
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2021Depending on which virus causes your stomach ailment, you can be contagious from a few days to two weeks or more.
Last Updated: Mar 22, 2022Stool color is usually a result of diet and is only rarely a concern.
Last Updated: Oct 10, 2020Strep throat in young children is uncommon, but it's possible. Learn about symptoms.
Last Updated: Aug 3, 2021Learn how stress and hair loss can be related.
Last Updated: Sep 14, 2021Think about these ideas as you consider what skills and career you'd like to pursue in the future.
Last Updated: Nov 14, 2020Sulfa allergy: A Mayo Clinic expert discusses which medications are likely to cause problems.
Last Updated: Sep 29, 2021Sun rash — Causes and prevention tips for this itchy red rash.
Last Updated: Oct 20, 2020When might sunburn require medical attention?
Last Updated: Nov 5, 2021Sundowning isn't a disease. It's a symptom that often occurs in people with dementia.
Last Updated: May 27, 2022Superslow strength training can help you add variety to your strength training routine.
Last Updated: Aug 4, 2021Your body can't digest chewing gum. So what happens when you swallow it?
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TENS therapy may be effective for fibromyalgia pain.
Last Updated: Nov 15, 2019Tailbone pain can have many causes and treatments.
Last Updated: May 11, 2021Tanning beds don't offer a safe alternative to natural sunlight.
Last Updated: May 18, 2019Taurine might improve athletic performance but further research is needed.
Last Updated: Mar 25, 2020Ice is recommended for sudden injuries to tendons. But heat might be a better choice for chronic tendinitis caused by overuse.
Last Updated: Dec 4, 2021Find out how to help your toddler meet the challenges of being 2.
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2022Test anxiety can interfere with your performance: Here's what you can do.
Last Updated: Aug 3, 2017A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses the relationship between testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer.
Last Updated: Nov 5, 2021Testosterone therapy may boost sex drive for some women, but its long-term safety is unclear.
Last Updated: Jun 15, 2021For adults, tetanus shots are recommended every 10 years.
Last Updated: Sep 30, 2021You can safely cook a frozen turkey without thawing it first — if you follow a few safety precautions.
Last Updated: Oct 10, 2019Take steps to prevent the dawn phenomenon — an abnormal early-morning increase in blood sugar.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2020Fragile or thin skin is a fairly common problem, especially in older adults.
Last Updated: Aug 11, 2022Tobacco smoke creates toxic residue that clings to walls, carpets, clothes and other surfaces.
Last Updated: Aug 21, 2020Thyroid disease can affect your mood and cause symptoms that mimic mental illness.
Last Updated: Dec 23, 2020A Mayo Clinic expert discusses using thyroid guards during mammograms to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer from radiation.
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2021A thyroid peroxidase antibody test can help determine the cause of thyroid disease.
Last Updated: Jul 16, 2022Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) has many possible causes, including taking antidepressants.
Last Updated: Oct 7, 2020A Mayo Clinic specialist describes typical speech development between the ages of 2 and 3.
Last Updated: Mar 20, 2021Vitamin C is an essential nutrient, but too much carries its own risks.
Last Updated: Apr 28, 2022A Mayo Clinic expert explains the differences and similarities between these two types of growths and how doctors determine if they're cancerous.
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Ultraprocessed foods, such as frozen dinners, are staples for many Americans. Why do these convenience foods have a bad rep?
Last Updated: Sep 20, 2019Know how to wash and care for your child's uncircumcised penis.
Last Updated: Mar 10, 2022If you're underweight and unhappy about it, try these healthy meals, snacks and treats to help you achieve your desired weight.
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2020Undigested food in stool generally isn't a problem unless it's accompanied by other symptoms.
Last Updated: Feb 16, 2022Type O negative is sometimes called the universal blood donor type.
Last Updated: Dec 2, 2020Find out about the unusual symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including COVID toes, nausea, and loss of smell or taste.
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Like LDL cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is considered a type of 'bad' cholesterol.
Last Updated: Jun 17, 2022Vaccination schedule — A Mayo Clinic specialist explains why young children need multiple vaccines.
Last Updated: Aug 14, 2019Find out which vaccines you need during pregnancy and which ones to avoid.
Last Updated: Mar 10, 2022Low-dose estrogen therapy, vaginal moisturizers and vaginal lubricants are among possible treatments for menopausal vaginal dryness and its discomforts.
Last Updated: Jul 11, 2020Valerian — Can this sleep aid help you sleep better?
Last Updated: Feb 15, 2018Vaping during pregnancy can expose your baby to nicotine.
Last Updated: Jul 1, 2021Although switching to a vegetarian diet won't cure diabetes, it may offer some benefits.
Last Updated: Nov 19, 2020Learn about drugs to treat problems with sexual arousal or sexual desire in women.
Last Updated: Jun 6, 2020Vicks VapoRub is often used as a nasal decongestant. Does it work?
Last Updated: Dec 7, 2021Low levels of vitamin B-12 and other B vitamins may be linked to depression, but more research is needed.
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Last Updated: Sep 13, 2022Some research suggests that vitamin D may reduce the risk of multiple sclerosis.
Last Updated: Apr 7, 2021What are the risks of too little vitamin D?
Last Updated: Aug 27, 2020Too little vitamin D is bad for the bones, but what about the heart? Learn how vitamin D deficiency may affect blood pressure.
Last Updated: Mar 30, 2021A Mayo Clinic specialist explains why, when and how to give your baby vitamin D.
Last Updated: Jun 7, 2022Understand the risks of too much vitamin D, including a toxic reaction.
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Last Updated: Nov 8, 2019Vocal cord dysfunction and asthma cause similar symptoms, but they're not the same. Find out the difference between the two.
Last Updated: Mar 5, 2022Vulvar varicosities can cause discomfort during pregnancy. Understand what causes this form of varicose veins and how to get relief.
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Walking pneumonia is a general term for relatively mild cases of pneumonia.
Last Updated: Nov 10, 2016Walking and a prudent diet can put you on the path to sustainable weight management.
Last Updated: Feb 6, 2021Certain foods and beverages may interact with warfarin. Find out more.
Last Updated: Jul 1, 2022Warm-mist and cool-mist humidifiers are equally effective in humidifying the air.
Last Updated: Jul 2, 2021Drinking plenty of water helps keep your digestive system on track.
Last Updated: Apr 18, 2020For water exercise, the pool temperature should feel soothing and comfortable, not hot.
Last Updated: Aug 18, 2020Interested in natural diuretics for fluid retention and weight gain? You may be better off watching your diet.
Last Updated: Sep 21, 2022Understand how calorie restriction and exercise help you meet weight goals.
Last Updated: Feb 20, 2020For weight training, proper technique is more important than the specific type of equipment.
Last Updated: Nov 19, 2020Weight-loss hypnosis might be another weight-loss tool, but don't forget the basics.
Last Updated: Nov 5, 2020For most strength training enthusiasts, there's no need to invest in a weightlifting belt.
Last Updated: Sep 1, 2020Although beneficial in the long term, weightlifting can cause temporary, sometimes dramatic, increases in blood pressure.
Last Updated: Jan 26, 2019Learn how opioid medications work and how those effects can be dangerous when the drugs are taken incorrectly.
Last Updated: Mar 21, 2018Some bacteria and other germs are resistant to most types of antibiotics and medications that treat them. Find out the risks and how to prevent infections.
Last Updated: Mar 22, 2022Get to know what the dates on food packages mean, including the 'sell by' and 'best if used by' dates.
Last Updated: Jul 1, 2021Find out more about BPA, a chemical used in some plastics and resins, and explore options for reducing your exposure.
Last Updated: May 14, 2021MERS-CoV is a respiratory illness that's sometimes fatal. Help protect yourself with good hygiene practices.
Last Updated: Nov 20, 2020Find out about retinopathy of prematurity — a potentially blinding eye condition that affects premature infants — including emerging therapies.
Last Updated: Oct 17, 2020Know when new heart failure symptoms require a call to a health care provider or an ER visit. A heart failure action plan can guide your self-care.
Last Updated: Aug 3, 2022Learn more about this mosquito-borne virus — found in Africa, Asia, India, and parts of Europe and the Americas — that causes fever and severe joint pain.
Last Updated: Aug 20, 2020Hot yoga, also known as Bikram yoga, is an intense form of yoga performed in a heated studio.
Last Updated: Sep 15, 2020Heart age is a way to understand your risk of a heart attack or stroke. By making healthier lifestyle choices, you can lower your heart age and your risk.
Last Updated: Apr 28, 2022Reflexology is gaining popularity as a stress reliever, but does it work?
Last Updated: Dec 15, 2020Learn about this tick from Asia that was recently reported in the United States and find out how to prevent tick bites.
Last Updated: Dec 22, 2020Wheatgrass is a popular addition to smoothies and other drinks. While it's a rich source of nutrients, it's not a disease cure-all.
Last Updated: Apr 21, 2020H1N1 flu is a subcategory of influenza A.
Last Updated: May 18, 2021Wheezing in children may be a sign of asthma — but not always.
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Last Updated: Mar 25, 2021When should you brush your teeth? Understand how to protect your oral health.
Last Updated: Oct 7, 2021Blood pressure that measures high during a health checkup could be a risk factor for high blood pressure. Find out more.
Last Updated: Jun 25, 2022A small white patch on skin may have several causes, including eczema, psoriasis and vitiligo.
Last Updated: Dec 3, 2021White stool isn't normal and may indicate a serious liver problem. Learn about causes.
Last Updated: Sep 29, 2021Find out how whitening toothpaste works and whether it's effective.
Last Updated: Feb 24, 2021Whole-body vibration — Don't give up regular exercise and a healthy diet.
Last Updated: Apr 8, 2020Hepatitis C vaccine development is far from straightforward, but experimental vaccines are under study.
Last Updated: Oct 28, 2020Find out whether an air purifier can eliminate cigarette smoke from your home.
Last Updated: Jan 16, 2021The existence of Wilson's syndrome — often described as mild or subclinical hypothyroidism — is controversial.
Last Updated: Nov 17, 2020Many dentists recommend wisdom teeth removal to improve oral health.
Last Updated: Dec 3, 2016Find out more about wrist blood pressure monitors and when they might be used to measure blood pressure.
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Understand when an X-ray during pregnancy might cause harm and how to avoid it.
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Yeast infections are common during pregnancy. Over-the-counter treatments are usually safe.
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2021Yeast infections can occur in men, causing inflammation of the penis (balanitis). Learn what signs and symptoms could mean you have a yeast infection.
Last Updated: Nov 13, 2020Yerba mate tea may help relieve fatigue, but it has some risks.
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Everyone's heard of taking zinc for colds. But does it really work?
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