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Bladder exstrophy
This rare birth defect occurs when the bladder develops outside the fetus during pregnancy. The condition can be repaired with surgery.
Vesicoureteral reflux
Learn about what happens if urine flows backward from the bladder. Usually found in children, this condition boosts the risk of urinary tract infections.
Ureteral obstruction
Learn about what causes blockage of the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, tests you might need and how the condition can be treated.
Hydronephrosis
Learn about this condition that occurs when urine doesn't drain properly from the upper urinary tract, leading to kidney swelling.
Spina bifida
Learn about this condition in which an unborn baby's spine and spinal cord don't form properly. Surgery during pregnancy may be a treatment option.
Hydrocephalus
Learn about this potentially fatal condition that causes fluid buildup in the brain. It can cause a range of symptoms, from headaches to poor balance.
Cavernous malformations
Understand the symptoms that may occur when blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord are tightly packed and contain slow-moving blood.
Dehydration
Dehydration is especially common and dangerous for infants, young children and older adults. Learn more about treating and preventing dehydration.
Hypospadias
Hypospadias is a birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis instead of the tip. Learn about treatment.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
This rare genetic disorder causes fatty substances (sulfatides) to build up in your brain and nervous system, causing progressive loss of nerve function.
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