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Bladder exstrophy
This rare birth defect occurs when the bladder develops outside the fetus during pregnancy. The condition can be repaired with surgery.
Cystoscopy
During cystoscopy, your doctor examines the inside of your bladder using a special instrument that's inserted into the bladder through the urethra.
Vesicoureteral reflux
Learn about what happens if urine flows backward from the bladder. Usually found in children, this condition boosts the risk of urinary tract infections.
Ureteral obstruction
Learn about what causes blockage of the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, tests you might need and how the condition can be treated.
Urine cytology
A urine cytology test uses a sample of your urine to look for abnormal cells, which could indicate a urinary tract cancer.
Hydronephrosis
Learn about this condition that occurs when urine doesn't drain properly from the upper urinary tract, leading to kidney swelling.
Intravenous pyelogram
An intravenous pyelogram is an imaging exam that may be used to help diagnose urinary tract disorders. Learn what to expect during the exam.
Urinalysis
This common lab test checks urine for signs of disease and for clues about overall health.
Spina bifida
Learn about this condition in which an unborn baby's spine and spinal cord don't form properly. Surgery during pregnancy may be a treatment option.
Cancer survival rate: What it means for your prognosis
No one can predict the future, but cancer survival rates can give you an idea of your prognosis. Should you pay attention to them?
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